diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/create-named-query/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/create-named-query/route.ts
index f9f997d618e..f49bc16247d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/create-named-query/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/create-named-query/route.ts
@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to create Athena named query'
     logger.error('CreateNamedQuery failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-named-query/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-named-query/route.ts
index 83e9845b75c..394bbda2b87 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-named-query/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-named-query/route.ts
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to get Athena named query'
     logger.error('GetNamedQuery failed', { error: errorMessage })
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-query-execution/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-query-execution/route.ts
index b043db11414..129f4794dc4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-query-execution/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-query-execution/route.ts
@@ -63,6 +63,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to get Athena query execution'
     logger.error('GetQueryExecution failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-query-results/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-query-results/route.ts
index d89488371db..260cc73dc0c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-query-results/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/get-query-results/route.ts
@@ -74,6 +74,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to get Athena query results'
     logger.error('GetQueryResults failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/list-named-queries/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/list-named-queries/route.ts
index c9f74ca2161..326e03711bb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/list-named-queries/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/list-named-queries/route.ts
@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to list Athena named queries'
     logger.error('ListNamedQueries failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/list-query-executions/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/list-query-executions/route.ts
index 096afee99cb..958d09b1735 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/list-query-executions/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/list-query-executions/route.ts
@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to list Athena query executions'
     logger.error('ListQueryExecutions failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/start-query/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/start-query/route.ts
index 6af793cbe01..0555246aa8e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/start-query/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/start-query/route.ts
@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to start Athena query'
     logger.error('StartQuery failed', { error: errorMessage })
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/stop-query/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/stop-query/route.ts
index 2f3422b36e2..0a7558d314a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/stop-query/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/athena/stop-query/route.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to stop Athena query'
     logger.error('StopQuery failed', { error: errorMessage })
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stack-drift-detection-status/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stack-drift-detection-status/route.ts
index b47611b0cfb..d267bb01fa3 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stack-drift-detection-status/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stack-drift-detection-status/route.ts
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to describe stack drift detection status'
     logger.error('DescribeStackDriftDetectionStatus failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stack-events/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stack-events/route.ts
index b838512a437..a3108eebffc 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stack-events/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stack-events/route.ts
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       output: { events },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to describe CloudFormation stack events'
     logger.error('DescribeStackEvents failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stacks/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stacks/route.ts
index 30cf207d7e6..d8fc946b519 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stacks/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/describe-stacks/route.ts
@@ -78,6 +78,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       output: { stacks },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to describe CloudFormation stacks'
     logger.error('DescribeStacks failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/detect-stack-drift/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/detect-stack-drift/route.ts
index 30d05166816..a21c3e70410 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/detect-stack-drift/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/detect-stack-drift/route.ts
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to detect CloudFormation stack drift'
     logger.error('DetectStackDrift failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/get-template/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/get-template/route.ts
index 9abdad4e170..a5e6edeeaa3 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/get-template/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/get-template/route.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to get CloudFormation template'
     logger.error('GetTemplate failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/list-stack-resources/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/list-stack-resources/route.ts
index ca22c8e8567..dfc65171362 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/list-stack-resources/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/list-stack-resources/route.ts
@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       output: { resources },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to list CloudFormation stack resources'
     logger.error('ListStackResources failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/validate-template/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/validate-template/route.ts
index e2a8b4428ed..1264d813fdf 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/validate-template/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudformation/validate-template/route.ts
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to validate CloudFormation template'
     logger.error('ValidateTemplate failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-alarms/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-alarms/route.ts
index 0ab6c4aad8d..3fc65ab5bfd 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-alarms/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-alarms/route.ts
@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       output: { alarms: [...metricAlarms, ...compositeAlarms] },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to describe CloudWatch alarms'
     logger.error('DescribeAlarms failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-log-groups/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-log-groups/route.ts
index a10f46c4efa..fcb29be5289 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-log-groups/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-log-groups/route.ts
@@ -54,6 +54,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       output: { logGroups },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to describe CloudWatch log groups'
     logger.error('DescribeLogGroups failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-log-streams/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-log-streams/route.ts
index d74ad6de266..223e51617b9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-log-streams/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/describe-log-streams/route.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       output: { logStreams: result.logStreams },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to describe CloudWatch log streams'
     logger.error('DescribeLogStreams failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/get-log-events/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/get-log-events/route.ts
index c42d49e97ab..e1a8abcf666 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/get-log-events/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/get-log-events/route.ts
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       output: { events: result.events },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to get CloudWatch log events'
     logger.error('GetLogEvents failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/get-metric-statistics/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/get-metric-statistics/route.ts
index 321092b3283..677bafca3ca 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/get-metric-statistics/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/get-metric-statistics/route.ts
@@ -89,6 +89,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to get CloudWatch metric statistics'
     logger.error('GetMetricStatistics failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/list-metrics/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/list-metrics/route.ts
index 09485cb8590..36d2c31e2fa 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/list-metrics/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/list-metrics/route.ts
@@ -62,6 +62,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       output: { metrics },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to list CloudWatch metrics'
     logger.error('ListMetrics failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/query-logs/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/query-logs/route.ts
index a471edc20e8..75b4dab2395 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/query-logs/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/cloudwatch/query-logs/route.ts
@@ -63,6 +63,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage =
       error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'CloudWatch Log Insights query failed'
     logger.error('QueryLogs failed', { error: errorMessage })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/delete/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/delete/route.ts
index 0002787f373..5b6ab1d5b20 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/delete/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/delete/route.ts
@@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       message: 'Item deleted successfully',
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'DynamoDB delete failed'
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
   }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/get/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/get/route.ts
index 851f1cb0740..1eca9d3f72e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/get/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/get/route.ts
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       item: result.item,
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'DynamoDB get failed'
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
   }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/put/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/put/route.ts
index cb001c5873a..2572cdcd5e7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/put/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/put/route.ts
@@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       item: validatedData.item,
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'DynamoDB put failed'
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
   }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/query/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/query/route.ts
index 06945c10070..3b1fadeee12 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/query/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/query/route.ts
@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       count: result.count,
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'DynamoDB query failed'
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
   }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/scan/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/scan/route.ts
index c083faad584..64c47895b0a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/scan/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/scan/route.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       count: result.count,
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'DynamoDB scan failed'
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
   }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/update/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/update/route.ts
index 07abcc25648..3a5892fe61a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/update/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/dynamodb/update/route.ts
@@ -50,6 +50,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       item: result.attributes,
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'DynamoDB update failed'
     return NextResponse.json({ error: errorMessage }, { status: 500 })
   }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/google_drive/download/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/google_drive/download/route.ts
index 2a9730dcada..e4131423f91 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/google_drive/download/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/google_drive/download/route.ts
@@ -240,6 +240,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error downloading Google Drive file:`, error)
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/onedrive/download/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/onedrive/download/route.ts
index a50338af557..2cc268ffd5e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/onedrive/download/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/onedrive/download/route.ts
@@ -165,6 +165,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error downloading OneDrive file:`, error)
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/outlook/draft/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/outlook/draft/route.ts
index eeee0f14e17..801b3b90869 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/outlook/draft/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/outlook/draft/route.ts
@@ -176,6 +176,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error creating Outlook draft:`, error)
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/outlook/send/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/outlook/send/route.ts
index f90f62518a8..f2d39ef11e6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/outlook/send/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/outlook/send/route.ts
@@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error sending Outlook email:`, error)
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/download/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/download/route.ts
index 45c34bcd11d..83a44386d4d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/download/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/download/route.ts
@@ -158,6 +158,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error downloading Slack file:`, error)
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/send-ephemeral/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/send-ephemeral/route.ts
index 6d443e5039a..1387290c6ae 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/send-ephemeral/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/send-ephemeral/route.ts
@@ -84,6 +84,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       },
     })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error sending ephemeral message:`, error)
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/send-message/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/send-message/route.ts
index a6b8a3db71c..5520a280f6e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/send-message/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/slack/send-message/route.ts
@@ -77,6 +77,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
 
     return NextResponse.json({ success: true, output: result.output })
   } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: error.errors[0]?.message ?? 'Invalid request' },
+        { status: 400 }
+      )
+    }
     logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error sending Slack message:`, error)
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
diff --git a/apps/sim/components/ui/copy-code-button.tsx b/apps/sim/components/ui/copy-code-button.tsx
index 5113c796016..87f17764cf0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/components/ui/copy-code-button.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/components/ui/copy-code-button.tsx
@@ -14,10 +14,14 @@ export function CopyCodeButton({ code, className }: CopyCodeButtonProps) {
   const timerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null>(null)
 
   const handleCopy = useCallback(async () => {
-    await navigator.clipboard.writeText(code)
-    setCopied(true)
-    if (timerRef.current) clearTimeout(timerRef.current)
-    timerRef.current = setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 2000)
+    try {
+      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(code)
+      setCopied(true)
+      if (timerRef.current) clearTimeout(timerRef.current)
+      timerRef.current = setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 2000)
+    } catch {
+      // Clipboard write can fail when document lacks focus or permission is denied
+    }
   }, [code])
 
   useEffect(